People descended from the Mountain Shoshone band continue to live on the Wind River Indian Reservation. Archaeologists have found evidence that unique aspects of the Tukudika Mountain Shoshone or Sheepeater material culture such as soapstone bowls were in use in this region from the early 1800s going back 1,000 to 3,000 years or more. The Shoshone has the longest prehistory in the area. The Shoshone Rose Casino (Eastern Shoshone) and the Wind River Hotel and Casino, Little Wind Casino, and 789 Smoke Shop and Casino (all Northern Arapaho) are the only casinos in Wyoming.

Tribal headquarters are located at Fort Washakie. According to the 2010 census, only 26,490 people now live on the reservation, with about 15,000 of the residents being non-Indians on ceded lands and the town of Riverton. The 2000 census reported the population of Fremont County as 40,237. The reservation constitutes just over one-third of Fremont County and over one-fifth of Hot Springs County. The land area is approximately 2.2 million acres (3,438 sq mi 8,903 km 2), and the total area (land and water) is 3,532.01 square miles (9,147.9 km 2). The Wind River Indian Reservation is the seventh-largest American Indian reservation in the United States by area and the fifth-largest by population.

Roughly 60 mi (97 km) east to west by 50 mi (80 km) north to south, the Indian reservation is located in the Wind River Basin, and includes portions of the Wind River Range, Owl Creek Mountains, and Absaroka Range. state of Wyoming, is shared by two Native American tribes, the Eastern Shoshone ( Shoshoni: Gweechoon Deka, meaning: 'buffalo eaters') and the Northern Arapaho ( Arapaho: hoteiniiciiheheʼ). The Wind River Indian Reservation, in the west-central portion of the U.S.

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